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JEL分类号
- 总体
- A General Economics and Teaching
- A General Economics and Teaching
- A1 General Economics
- A10 General
- A11 Role of Economics • Role of Economists • Market for Economists
- A12 Relation of Economics to Other Disciplines
- A13 Relation of Economics to Social Values
- A14 Sociology of Economics
- A19 Other
- A2 Economic Education and Teaching of Economics
- A20 General
- A21 Pre-college
- A22 Undergraduate
- A23 Graduate
- A29 Other
- A3 Collective Works
- A30 General
- A31 Collected Writings of Individuals
- A32 Collective Volumes
- A33 Handbooks
- A39 Other
- A1 General Economics
- A General Economics and Teaching
- B History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
- B History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
- B00 General
- B1 History of Economic Thought through 1925
- B10 General
- B11 Preclassical (Ancient, Medieval, Mercantilist, Physiocratic)
- B12 Classical (includes Adam Smith)
- B13 Neoclassical through 1925 (Austrian, Marshallian, Walrasian, Wicksellian)
- B14 Socialist • Marxist
- B15 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
- B16 Quantitative and Mathematical
- B17 International Trade and Finance
- B19 Other
- B2 History of Economic Thought since 1925
- B20 General
- B21 Microeconomics
- B22 Macroeconomics
- B23 Econometrics • Quantitative and Mathematical Studies
- B24 Socialist • Marxist • Sraffian
- B25 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary • Austrian • Stockholm School
- B26 Financial Economics
- B27 International Trade and Finance
- B29 Other
- B3 History of Economic Thought: Individuals
- B30 General
- B31 Individuals
- B32 Obituaries
- B4 Economic Methodology
- B40 General
- B41 Economic Methodology
- B49 Other
- B5 Current Heterodox Approaches
- B50 General
- B51 Socialist • Marxian • Sraffian
- B52 Historical • Institutional • Evolutionary
- B53 Austrian
- B54 Feminist Economics
- B55 Social Economics‡
- B59 Other
- B History of Economic Thought, Methodology, and Heterodox Approaches
- C Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- C Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- C00 General
- C01 Econometrics
- C02 Mathematical Methods
- C1 Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
- C10 General
- C11 Bayesian Analysis: General
- C12 Hypothesis Testing: General
- C13 Estimation: General
- C14 Semiparametric and Nonparametric Methods: General
- C15 Statistical Simulation Methods: General
- C18 Methodological Issues: General
- C19 Other
- C2 Single Equation Models • Single Variables
- C20 General
- C21 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions
- C22 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes
- C23 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
- C24 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models • Threshold Regression Models
- C25 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions • Probabilities
- C26 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
- C29 Other
- C3 Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models • Multiple Variables
- C30 General
- C31 Cross-Sectional Models • Spatial Models • Treatment Effect Models • Quantile Regressions • Social Interaction Models
- C32 Time-Series Models • Dynamic Quantile Regressions • Dynamic Treatment Effect Models • Diffusion Processes • State Space Models
- C33 Panel Data Models • Spatio-temporal Models
- C34 Truncated and Censored Models • Switching Regression Models
- C35 Discrete Regression and Qualitative Choice Models • Discrete Regressors • Proportions
- C36 Instrumental Variables (IV) Estimation
- C38 Classification Methods • Cluster Analysis • Principal Components • Factor Models
- C39 Other
- C4 Econometric and Statistical Methods: Special Topics
- C40 General
- C41 Duration Analysis • Optimal Timing Strategies
- C43 Index Numbers and Aggregation
- C44 Operations Research • Statistical Decision Theory
- C45 Neural Networks and Related Topics
- C46 Specific Distributions • Specific Statistics
- C49 Other
- C5 Econometric Modeling
- C50 General
- C51 Model Construction and Estimation
- C52 Model Evaluation, Validation, and Selection
- C53 Forecasting and Prediction Methods • Simulation Methods
- C54 Quantitative Policy Modeling
- C55 Large Data Sets: Modeling and Analysis
- C57 Econometrics of Games and Auctions
- C58 Financial Econometrics
- C59 Other
- C6 Mathematical Methods • Programming Models • Mathematical and Simulation Modeling
- C60 General
- C61 Optimization Techniques • Programming Models • Dynamic Analysis
- C62 Existence and Stability Conditions of Equilibrium
- C63 Computational Techniques • Simulation Modeling
- C65 Miscellaneous Mathematical Tools
- C67 Input–Output Models
- C68 Computable General Equilibrium Models
- C69 Other
- C7 Game Theory and Bargaining Theory
- C70 General
- C71 Cooperative Games
- C72 Noncooperative Games
- C73 Stochastic and Dynamic Games • Evolutionary Games • Repeated Games
- C78 Bargaining Theory • Matching Theory
- C79 Other
- C8 Data Collection and Data Estimation Methodology • Computer Programs
- C80 General
- C81 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Microeconomic Data • Data Access
- C82 Methodology for Collecting, Estimating, and Organizing Macroeconomic Data • Data Access
- C83 Survey Methods • Sampling Methods
- C87 Econometric Software
- C88 Other Computer Software
- C89 Other
- C9 Design of Experiments
- C90 General
- C91 Laboratory, Individual Behavior
- C92 Laboratory, Group Behavior
- C93 Field Experiments
- C99 Other
- C Mathematical and Quantitative Methods
- D Microeconomics
- D Microeconomics
- D00 General
- D01 Microeconomic Behavior: Underlying Principles
- D02 Institutions: Design, Formation, Operations, and Impact
- D04 Microeconomic Policy: Formulation, Implementation, and Evaluation
- D1 Household Behavior and Family Economics
- D10 General
- D11 Consumer Economics: Theory
- D12 Consumer Economics: Empirical Analysis
- D13 Household Production and Intrahousehold Allocation
- D14 Household Saving • Personal Finance
- D15 Intertemporal Household Choice • Life Cycle Models and Saving
- D16 Collaborative Consumption‡
- D18 Consumer Protection
- D19 Other
- D2 Production and Organizations
- D20 General
- D21 Firm Behavior: Theory
- D22 Firm Behavior: Empirical Analysis
- D23 Organizational Behavior • Transaction Costs • Property Rights
- D24 Production • Cost • Capital • Capital, Total Factor, and Multifactor Productivity • Capacity
- D25 Intertemporal Firm Choice: Investment, Capacity, and Financing
- D26 Crowd-Based Firms‡
- D29 Other
- D3 Distribution
- D30 General
- D31 Personal Income, Wealth, and Their Distributions
- D33 Factor Income Distribution
- D39 Other
- D4 Market Structure, Pricing, and Design
- D40 General
- D41 Perfect Competition
- D42 Monopoly
- D43 Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection
- D44 Auctions
- D45 Rationing • Licensing
- D46 Value Theory
- D47 Market Design
- D49 Other
- D5 General Equilibrium and Disequilibrium
- D50 General
- D51 Exchange and Production Economies
- D52 Incomplete Markets
- D53 Financial Markets
- D57 Input–Output Tables and Analysis
- D58 Computable and Other Applied General Equilibrium Models
- D59 Other
- D6 Welfare Economics
- D60 General
- D61 Allocative Efficiency • Cost–Benefit Analysis
- D62 Externalities
- D63 Equity, Justice, Inequality, and Other Normative Criteria and Measurement
- D64 Altruism • Philanthropy • Intergenerational Transfers
- D69 Other
- D7 Analysis of Collective Decision-Making
- D70 General
- D71 Social Choice • Clubs • Committees • Associations
- D72 Political Processes: Rent-Seeking, Lobbying, Elections, Legislatures, and Voting Behavior
- D73 Bureaucracy • Administrative Processes in Public Organizations • Corruption
- D74 Conflict • Conflict Resolution • Alliances • Revolutions
- D78 Positive Analysis of Policy Formulation and Implementation
- D79 Other
- D8 Information, Knowledge, and Uncertainty
- D80 General
- D81 Criteria for Decision-Making under Risk and Uncertainty
- D82 Asymmetric and Private Information • Mechanism Design
- D83 Search • Learning • Information and Knowledge • Communication • Belief • Unawareness
- D84 Expectations • Speculations
- D85 Network Formation and Analysis: Theory
- D86 Economics of Contract: Theory
- D87 Neuroeconomics
- D89 Other
- D9 Micro-Based Behavioral Economics
- D90 General
- D91 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making
- D Microeconomics
- E Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- E Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- E00 General
- E01 Measurement and Data on National Income and Product Accounts and Wealth • Environmental Accounts
- E02 Institutions and the Macroeconomy
- E1 General Aggregative Models
- E10 General
- E11 Marxian • Sraffian • Kaleckian
- E12 Keynes • Keynesian • Post-Keynesian
- E13 Neoclassical
- E14 Austrian • Evolutionary • Institutional
- E16 Social Accounting Matrix
- E17 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E19 Other
- E2 Consumption, Saving, Production, Investment, Labor Markets, and Informal Economy
- E20 General
- E21 Consumption • Saving • Wealth
- E22 Investment • Capital • Intangible Capital • Capacity
- E23 Production
- E24 Employment • Unemployment • Wages • Intergenerational Income Distribution • Aggregate Human Capital • Aggregate Labor Productivity
- E25 Aggregate Factor Income Distribution
- E26 Informal Economy • Underground Economy
- E27 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E29 Other
- E3 Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
- E30 General
- E31 Price Level • Inflation • Deflation
- E32 Business Fluctuations • Cycles
- E37 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E39 Other
- E4 Money and Interest Rates
- E40 General
- E41 Demand for Money
- E42 Monetary Systems • Standards • Regimes • Government and the Monetary System • Payment Systems
- E43 Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
- E44 Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
- E47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- E49 Other
- E5 Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
- E50 General
- E51 Money Supply • Credit • Money Multipliers
- E52 Monetary Policy
- E58 Central Banks and Their Policies
- E59 Other
- E6 Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook
- E60 General
- E61 Policy Objectives • Policy Designs and Consistency • Policy Coordination
- E62 Fiscal Policy
- E63 Comparative or Joint Analysis of Fiscal and Monetary Policy • Stabilization • Treasury Policy
- E64 Incomes Policy • Price Policy
- E65 Studies of Particular Policy Episodes
- E66 General Outlook and Conditions
- E69 Other
- E7 Macro-Based Behavioral Economics
- E70 General
- E71 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on the Macro Economy
- E Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
- F International Economics
- F International Economics
- F00 General
- F01 Global Outlook
- F02 International Economic Order and Integration
- F1 Trade
- F10 General
- F11 Neoclassical Models of Trade
- F12 Models of Trade with Imperfect Competition and Scale Economies • Fragmentation
- F13 Trade Policy • International Trade Organizations
- F14 Empirical Studies of Trade
- F15 Economic Integration
- F16 Trade and Labor Market Interactions
- F17 Trade Forecasting and Simulation
- F18 Trade and Environment
- F19 Other
- F2 International Factor Movements and International Business
- F20 General
- F21 International Investment • Long-Term Capital Movements
- F22 International Migration
- F23 Multinational Firms • International Business
- F24 Remittances
- F29 Other
- F3 International Finance
- F30 General
- F31 Foreign Exchange
- F32 Current Account Adjustment • Short-Term Capital Movements
- F33 International Monetary Arrangements and Institutions
- F34 International Lending and Debt Problems
- F35 Foreign Aid
- F36 Financial Aspects of Economic Integration
- F37 International Finance Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- F38 International Financial Policy: Financial Transactions Tax; Capital Controls
- F39 Other
- F4 Macroeconomic Aspects of International Trade and Finance
- F40 General
- F41 Open Economy Macroeconomics
- F42 International Policy Coordination and Transmission
- F43 Economic Growth of Open Economies
- F44 International Business Cycles
- F45 Macroeconomic Issues of Monetary Unions
- F47 Forecasting and Simulation: Models and Applications
- F49 Other
- F5 International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy
- F50 General
- F51 International Conflicts • Negotiations • Sanctions
- F52 National Security • Economic Nationalism
- F53 International Agreements and Observance • International Organizations
- F54 Colonialism • Imperialism • Postcolonialism
- F55 International Institutional Arrangements
- F59 Other
- F6 Economic Impacts of Globalization
- F60 General
- F61 Microeconomic Impacts
- F62 Macroeconomic Impacts
- F63 Economic Development
- F64 Environment
- F65 Finance
- F66 Labor
- F68 Policy
- F69 Other
- F International Economics
- G Financial Economics
- G Financial Economics
- G00 General
- G01 Financial Crises
- G1 General Financial Markets
- G10 General
- G11 Portfolio Choice • Investment Decisions
- G12 Asset Pricing • Trading Volume • Bond Interest Rates
- G13 Contingent Pricing • Futures Pricing
- G14 Information and Market Efficiency • Event Studies • Insider Trading
- G15 International Financial Markets
- G17 Financial Forecasting and Simulation
- G18 Government Policy and Regulation
- G19 Other
- G2 Financial Institutions and Services
- G20 General
- G21 Banks • Depository Institutions • Micro Finance Institutions • Mortgages
- G22 Insurance • Insurance Companies • Actuarial Studies
- G23 Non-bank Financial Institutions • Financial Instruments • Institutional Investors
- G24 Investment Banking • Venture Capital • Brokerage • Ratings and Ratings Agencies
- G28 Government Policy and Regulation
- G29 Other
- G3 Corporate Finance and Governance
- G30 General
- G31 Capital Budgeting • Fixed Investment and Inventory Studies • Capacity
- G32 Financing Policy • Financial Risk and Risk Management • Capital and Ownership Structure • Value of Firms • Goodwill
- G33 Bankruptcy • Liquidation
- G34 Mergers • Acquisitions • Restructuring • Corporate Governance
- G35 Payout Policy
- G38 Government Policy and Regulation
- G39 Other
- G4 Behavioral Finance
- G40 General
- G41 Role and Effects of Psychological, Emotional, Social, and Cognitive Factors on Decision Making in Financial Markets
- G Financial Economics
- H Public Economics
- H Public Economics
- H00 General
- H1 Structure and Scope of Government
- H10 General
- H11 Structure, Scope, and Performance of Government
- H12 Crisis Management
- H13 Economics of Eminent Domain • Expropriation • Nationalization
- H19 Other
- H2 Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H20 General
- H21 Efficiency • Optimal Taxation
- H22 Incidence
- H23 Externalities • Redistributive Effects • Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
- H24 Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
- H25 Business Taxes and Subsidies
- H26 Tax Evasion and Avoidance
- H27 Other Sources of Revenue
- H29 Other
- H3 Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents
- H30 General
- H31 Household
- H32 Firm
- H39 Other
- H4 Publicly Provided Goods
- H40 General
- H41 Public Goods
- H42 Publicly Provided Private Goods
- H43 Project Evaluation • Social Discount Rate
- H44 Publicly Provided Goods: Mixed Markets
- H49 Other
- H5 National Government Expenditures and Related Policies
- H50 General
- H51 Government Expenditures and Health
- H52 Government Expenditures and Education
- H53 Government Expenditures and Welfare Programs
- H54 Infrastructures • Other Public Investment and Capital Stock
- H55 Social Security and Public Pensions
- H56 National Security and War
- H57 Procurement
- H59 Other
- H6 National Budget, Deficit, and Debt
- H60 General
- H61 Budget • Budget Systems
- H62 Deficit • Surplus
- H63 Debt • Debt Management • Sovereign Debt
- H68 Forecasts of Budgets, Deficits, and Debt
- H69 Other
- H7 State and Local Government • Intergovernmental Relations
- H70 General
- H71 State and Local Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue
- H72 State and Local Budget and Expenditures
- H73 Interjurisdictional Differentials and Their Effects
- H74 State and Local Borrowing
- H75 State and Local Government: Health • Education • Welfare • Public Pensions
- H76 State and Local Government: Other Expenditure Categories
- H77 Intergovernmental Relations • Federalism • Secession
- H79 Other
- H8 Miscellaneous Issues
- H80 General
- H81 Governmental Loans • Loan Guarantees • Credits • Grants • Bailouts
- H82 Governmental Property
- H83 Public Administration • Public Sector Accounting and Audits
- H84 Disaster Aid
- H87 International Fiscal Issues • International Public Goods
- H89 Other
- H Public Economics
- I Health, Education, and Welfare
- I Health, Education, and Welfare
- I00 General
- I1 Health
- I10 General
- I11 Analysis of Health Care Markets
- I12 Health Behavior
- I13 Health Insurance, Public and Private
- I14 Health and Inequality
- I15 Health and Economic Development
- I18 Government Policy • Regulation • Public Health
- I19 Other
- I2 Education and Research Institutions
- I20 General
- I21 Analysis of Education
- I22 Educational Finance • Financial Aid
- I23 Higher Education • Research Institutions
- I24 Education and Inequality
- I25 Education and Economic Development
- I26 Returns to Education
- I28 Government Policy
- I29 Other
- I3 Welfare, Well-Being, and Poverty
- I30 General
- I31 General Welfare, Well-Being
- I32 Measurement and Analysis of Poverty
- I38 Government Policy • Provision and Effects of Welfare Programs
- I39 Other
- I Health, Education, and Welfare
- J Labor and Demographic Economics
- J Labor and Demographic Economics
- J00 General
- J01 Labor Economics: General
- J08 Labor Economics Policies
- J1 Demographic Economics
- J10 General
- J11 Demographic Trends, Macroeconomic Effects, and Forecasts
- J12 Marriage • Marital Dissolution • Family Structure • Domestic Abuse
- J13 Fertility • Family Planning • Child Care • Children • Youth
- J14 Economics of the Elderly • Economics of the Handicapped • Non-Labor Market Discrimination
- J15 Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants • Non-labor Discrimination
- J16 Economics of Gender • Non-labor Discrimination
- J17 Value of Life • Forgone Income
- J18 Public Policy
- J19 Other
- J2 Demand and Supply of Labor
- J20 General
- J21 Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
- J22 Time Allocation and Labor Supply
- J23 Labor Demand
- J24 Human Capital • Skills • Occupational Choice • Labor Productivity
- J26 Retirement • Retirement Policies
- J28 Safety • Job Satisfaction • Related Public Policy
- J29 Other
- J3 Wages, Compensation, and Labor Costs
- J30 General
- J31 Wage Level and Structure • Wage Differentials
- J32 Nonwage Labor Costs and Benefits • Retirement Plans • Private Pensions
- J33 Compensation Packages • Payment Methods
- J38 Public Policy
- J39 Other
- J4 Particular Labor Markets
- J40 General
- J41 Labor Contracts
- J42 Monopsony • Segmented Labor Markets
- J43 Agricultural Labor Markets
- J44 Professional Labor Markets • Occupational Licensing
- J45 Public Sector Labor Markets
- J46 Informal Labor Markets
- J47 Coercive Labor Markets
- J48 Public Policy
- J49 Other
- J5 Labor–Management Relations, Trade Unions, and Collective Bargaining
- J50 General
- J51 Trade Unions: Objectives, Structure, and Effects
- J52 Dispute Resolution: Strikes, Arbitration, and Mediation • Collective Bargaining
- J53 Labor–Management Relations • Industrial Jurisprudence
- J54 Producer Cooperatives • Labor Managed Firms • Employee Ownership
- J58 Public Policy
- J59 Other
- J6 Mobility, Unemployment, Vacancies, and Immigrant Workers
- J60 General
- J61 Geographic Labor Mobility • Immigrant Workers
- J62 Job, Occupational, and Intergenerational Mobility
- J63 Turnover • Vacancies • Layoffs
- J64 Unemployment: Models, Duration, Incidence, and Job Search
- J65 Unemployment Insurance • Severance Pay • Plant Closings
- J68 Public Policy
- J69 Other
- J7 Labor Discrimination
- J70 General
- J71 Discrimination
- J78 Public Policy
- J79 Other
- J8 Labor Standards: National and International
- J80 General
- J81 Working Conditions
- J82 Labor Force Composition
- J83 Workers' Rights
- J88 Public Policy
- J89 Other
- J Labor and Demographic Economics
- K Law and Economics
- K Law and Economics
- K00 General
- K1 Basic Areas of Law
- K10 General
- K11 Property Law
- K12 Contract Law
- K13 Tort Law and Product Liability • Forensic Economics
- K14 Criminal Law
- K15 Civil Law • Common Law
- K16 Election Law
- K19 Other
- K2 Regulation and Business Law
- K20 General
- K21 Antitrust Law
- K22 Business and Securities Law
- K23 Regulated Industries and Administrative Law
- K24 Cyber Law
- K25 Real Estate Law
- K29 Other
- K3 Other Substantive Areas of Law
- K30 General
- K31 Labor Law
- K32 Energy, Environmental, Health, and Safety Law
- K33 International Law
- K34 Tax Law
- K35 Personal Bankruptcy Law
- K36 Family and Personal Law
- K37 Immigration Law
- K38 Human Rights Law • Gender Law
- K39 Other
- K4 Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior
- K40 General
- K41 Litigation Process
- K42 Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
- K49 Other
- K Law and Economics
- L Industrial Organization
- L Industrial Organization
- L00 General
- L1 Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance
- L10 General
- L11 Production, Pricing, and Market Structure • Size Distribution of Firms
- L12 Monopoly • Monopolization Strategies
- L13 Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets
- L14 Transactional Relationships • Contracts and Reputation • Networks
- L15 Information and Product Quality • Standardization and Compatibility
- L16 Industrial Organization and Macroeconomics: Industrial Structure and Structural Change • Industrial Price Indices
- L17 Open Source Products and Markets
- L19 Other
- L2 Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior
- L20 General
- L21 Business Objectives of the Firm
- L22 Firm Organization and Market Structure
- L23 Organization of Production
- L24 Contracting Out • Joint Ventures • Technology Licensing
- L25 Firm Performance: Size, Diversification, and Scope
- L26 Entrepreneurship
- L29 Other
- L3 Nonprofit Organizations and Public Enterprise
- L30 General
- L31 Nonprofit Institutions • NGOs • Social Entrepreneurship
- L32 Public Enterprises • Public-Private Enterprises
- L33 Comparison of Public and Private Enterprises and Nonprofit Institutions • Privatization • Contracting Out
- L38 Public Policy
- L39 Other
- L4 Antitrust Issues and Policies
- L40 General
- L41 Monopolization • Horizontal Anticompetitive Practices
- L42 Vertical Restraints • Resale Price Maintenance • Quantity Discounts
- L43 Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation
- L44 Antitrust Policy and Public Enterprises, Nonprofit Institutions, and Professional Organizations
- L49 Other
- L5 Regulation and Industrial Policy
- L50 General
- L51 Economics of Regulation
- L52 Industrial Policy • Sectoral Planning Methods
- L53 Enterprise Policy
- L59 Other
- L6 Industry Studies: Manufacturing
- L60 General
- L61 Metals and Metal Products • Cement • Glass • Ceramics
- L62 Automobiles • Other Transportation Equipment • Related Parts and Equipment
- L63 Microelectronics • Computers • Communications Equipment
- L64 Other Machinery • Business Equipment • Armaments
- L65 Chemicals • Rubber • Drugs • Biotechnology • Plastics
- L66 Food • Beverages • Cosmetics • Tobacco • Wine and Spirits
- L67 Other Consumer Nondurables: Clothing, Textiles, Shoes, and Leather Goods; Household Goods; Sports Equipment
- L68 Appliances • Furniture • Other Consumer Durables
- L69 Other
- L7 Industry Studies: Primary Products and Construction
- L70 General
- L71 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Hydrocarbon Fuels
- L72 Mining, Extraction, and Refining: Other Nonrenewable Resources
- L73 Forest Products
- L74 Construction
- L78 Government Policy
- L79 Other
- L8 Industry Studies: Services
- L80 General
- L81 Retail and Wholesale Trade • e-Commerce
- L82 Entertainment • Media
- L83 Sports • Gambling • Restaurants • Recreation • Tourism
- L84 Personal, Professional, and Business Services
- L85 Real Estate Services
- L86 Information and Internet Services • Computer Software
- L87 Postal and Delivery Services
- L88 Government Policy
- L89 Other
- L9 Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities
- L90 General
- L91 Transportation: General
- L92 Railroads and Other Surface Transportation
- L93 Air Transportation
- L94 Electric Utilities
- L95 Gas Utilities • Pipelines • Water Utilities
- L96 Telecommunications
- L97 Utilities: General
- L98 Government Policy
- L99 Other
- L Industrial Organization
- M Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
- M Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
- M00 General
- M1 Business Administration
- M10 General
- M11 Production Management
- M12 Personnel Management • Executives; Executive Compensation
- M13 New Firms • Startups
- M14 Corporate Culture • Diversity • Social Responsibility
- M15 IT Management
- M16 International Business Administration
- M19 Other
- M2 Business Economics
- M20 General
- M21 Business Economics
- M29 Other
- M3 Marketing and Advertising
- M30 General
- M31 Marketing
- M37 Advertising
- M38 Government Policy and Regulation
- M39 Other
- M4 Accounting and Auditing
- M40 General
- M41 Accounting
- M42 Auditing
- M48 Government Policy and Regulation
- M49 Other
- M5 Personnel Economics
- M50 General
- M51 Firm Employment Decisions • Promotions
- M52 Compensation and Compensation Methods and Their Effects
- M53 Training
- M54 Labor Management
- M55 Labor Contracting Devices
- M59 Other
- M Business Administration and Business Economics • Marketing • Accounting • Personnel Economics
- N Economic History
- N Economic History
- N00 General
- N01 Development of the Discipline: Historiographical; Sources and Methods
- N1 Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics • Industrial Structure • Growth • Fluctuations
- N10 General, International, or Comparative
- N11 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N12 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N13 Europe: Pre-1913
- N14 Europe: 1913–
- N15 Asia including Middle East
- N16 Latin America • Caribbean
- N17 Africa • Oceania
- N2 Financial Markets and Institutions
- N20 General, International, or Comparative
- N21 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N22 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N23 Europe: Pre-1913
- N24 Europe: 1913–
- N25 Asia including Middle East
- N26 Latin America • Caribbean
- N27 Africa • Oceania
- N3 Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy
- N30 General, International, or Comparative
- N31 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N32 U.S. • Canada: 1913-
- N33 Europe: Pre-1913
- N34 Europe: 1913-
- N35 Asia including Middle East
- N36 Latin America • Caribbean
- N37 Africa • Oceania
- N4 Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation
- N40 General, International, or Comparative
- N41 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N42 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N43 Europe: Pre-1913
- N44 Europe: 1913–
- N45 Asia including Middle East
- N46 Latin America • Caribbean
- N47 Africa • Oceania
- N5 Agriculture, Natural Resources, Environment, and Extractive Industries
- N50 General, International, or Comparative
- N51 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N52 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N53 Europe: Pre-1913
- N54 Europe: 1913–
- N55 Asia including Middle East
- N56 Latin America • Caribbean
- N57 Africa • Oceania
- N6 Manufacturing and Construction
- N60 General, International, or Comparative
- N61 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N62 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N63 Europe: Pre-1913
- N64 Europe: 1913–
- N65 Asia including Middle East
- N66 Latin America • Caribbean
- N67 Africa • Oceania
- N7 Transport, Trade, Energy, Technology, and Other Services
- N70 General, International, or Comparative
- N71 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N72 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N73 Europe: Pre-1913
- N74 Europe: 1913–
- N75 Asia including Middle East
- N76 Latin America • Caribbean
- N77 Africa • Oceania
- N8 Micro-Business History
- N80 General, International, or Comparative
- N81 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N82 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N83 Europe: Pre-1913
- N84 Europe: 1913–
- N85 Asia including Middle East
- N86 Latin America • Caribbean
- N87 Africa • Oceania
- N9 Regional and Urban History
- N90 General, International, or Comparative
- N91 U.S. • Canada: Pre-1913
- N92 U.S. • Canada: 1913–
- N93 Europe: Pre-1913
- N94 Europe: 1913–
- N95 Asia including Middle East
- N96 Latin America • Caribbean
- N97 Africa • Oceania
- N Economic History
- O Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
- O Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
- O1 Economic Development
- O10 General
- O11 Macroeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O12 Microeconomic Analyses of Economic Development
- O13 Agriculture • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Other Primary Products
- O14 Industrialization • Manufacturing and Service Industries • Choice of Technology
- O15 Human Resources • Human Development • Income Distribution • Migration
- O16 Financial Markets • Saving and Capital Investment • Corporate Finance and Governance
- O17 Formal and Informal Sectors • Shadow Economy • Institutional Arrangements
- O18 Urban, Rural, Regional, and Transportation Analysis • Housing • Infrastructure
- O19 International Linkages to Development • Role of International Organizations
- O2 Development Planning and Policy
- O20 General
- O21 Planning Models • Planning Policy
- O22 Project Analysis
- O23 Fiscal and Monetary Policy in Development
- O24 Trade Policy • Factor Movement Policy • Foreign Exchange Policy
- O25 Industrial Policy
- O29 Other
- O3 Innovation • Research and Development • Technological Change • Intellectual Property Rights
- O30 General
- O31 Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives
- O32 Management of Technological Innovation and R&D
- O33 Technological Change: Choices and Consequences • Diffusion Processes
- O34 Intellectual Property and Intellectual Capital
- O35 Social Innovation
- O38 Government Policy
- O39 Other
- O4 Economic Growth and Aggregate Productivity
- O40 General
- O41 One, Two, and Multisector Growth Models
- O42 Monetary Growth Models
- O43 Institutions and Growth
- O44 Environment and Growth
- O47 Empirical Studies of Economic Growth • Aggregate Productivity • Cross-Country Output Convergence
- O49 Other
- O5 Economywide Country Studies
- O50 General
- O51 U.S. • Canada
- O52 Europe
- O53 Asia including Middle East
- O54 Latin America • Caribbean
- O55 Africa
- O56 Oceania
- O57 Comparative Studies of Countries
- O1 Economic Development
- O Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth
- P Economic Systems
- P Economic Systems
- P00 General
- P1 Capitalist Systems
- P10 General
- P11 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P12 Capitalist Enterprises
- P13 Cooperative Enterprises
- P14 Property Rights
- P16 Political Economy
- P17 Performance and Prospects
- P18 Energy • Environment
- P19 Other
- P2 Socialist Systems and Transitional Economies
- P20 General
- P21 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P22 Prices
- P23 Factor and Product Markets • Industry Studies • Population
- P24 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
- P25 Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
- P26 Political Economy • Property Rights
- P27 Performance and Prospects
- P28 Natural Resources • Energy • Environment
- P29 Other
- P3 Socialist Institutions and Their Transitions
- P30 General
- P31 Socialist Enterprises and Their Transitions
- P32 Collectives • Communes • Agriculture
- P33 International Trade, Finance, Investment, Relations, and Aid
- P34 Financial Economics
- P35 Public Economics
- P36 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
- P37 Legal Institutions • Illegal Behavior
- P39 Other
- P4 Other Economic Systems
- P40 General
- P41 Planning, Coordination, and Reform
- P42 Productive Enterprises • Factor and Product Markets • Prices • Population
- P43 Public Economics • Financial Economics
- P44 National Income, Product, and Expenditure • Money • Inflation
- P45 International Trade, Finance, Investment, and Aid
- P46 Consumer Economics • Health • Education and Training • Welfare, Income, Wealth, and Poverty
- P47 Performance and Prospects
- P48 Political Economy • Legal Institutions • Property Rights • Natural Resources • Energy • Environment • Regional Studies
- P49 Other
- P5 Comparative Economic Systems
- P50 General
- P51 Comparative Analysis of Economic Systems
- P52 Comparative Studies of Particular Economies
- P59 Other
- P Economic Systems
- Q Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
- Q Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
- Q00 General
- Q01 Sustainable Development
- Q02 Commodity Markets
- Q1 Agriculture
- Q10 General
- Q11 Aggregate Supply and Demand Analysis • Prices
- Q12 Micro Analysis of Farm Firms, Farm Households, and Farm Input Markets
- Q13 Agricultural Markets and Marketing • Cooperatives • Agribusiness
- Q14 Agricultural Finance
- Q15 Land Ownership and Tenure • Land Reform • Land Use • Irrigation • Agriculture and Environment
- Q16 R&D • Agricultural Technology • Biofuels • Agricultural Extension Services
- Q17 Agriculture in International Trade
- Q18 Agricultural Policy • Food Policy
- Q19 Other
- Q2 Renewable Resources and Conservation
- Q20 General
- Q21 Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q22 Fishery • Aquaculture
- Q23 Forestry
- Q24 Land
- Q25 Water
- Q26 Recreational Aspects of Natural Resources
- Q27 Issues in International Trade
- Q28 Government Policy
- Q29 Other
- Q3 Nonrenewable Resources and Conservation
- Q30 General
- Q31 Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q32 Exhaustible Resources and Economic Development
- Q33 Resource Booms
- Q34 Natural Resources and Domestic and International Conflicts
- Q35 Hydrocarbon Resources
- Q37 Issues in International Trade
- Q38 Government Policy
- Q39 Other
- Q4 Energy
- Q40 General
- Q41 Demand and Supply • Prices
- Q42 Alternative Energy Sources
- Q43 Energy and the Macroeconomy
- Q47 Energy Forecasting
- Q48 Government Policy
- Q49 Other
- Q5 Environmental Economics
- Q50 General
- Q51 Valuation of Environmental Effects
- Q52 Pollution Control Adoption and Costs • Distributional Effects • Employment Effects
- Q53 Air Pollution • Water Pollution • Noise • Hazardous Waste • Solid Waste • Recycling
- Q54 Climate • Natural Disasters and Their Management • Global Warming
- Q55 Technological Innovation
- Q56 Environment and Development • Environment and Trade • Sustainability • Environmental Accounts and Accounting • Environmental Equity • Population Growth
- Q57 Ecological Economics: Ecosystem Services • Biodiversity Conservation • Bioeconomics • Industrial Ecology
- Q58 Government Policy
- Q59 Other
- Q Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics • Environmental and Ecological Economics
- R Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
- R Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
- R00 General
- R1 General Regional Economics
- R10 General
- R11 Regional Economic Activity: Growth, Development, Environmental Issues, and Changes
- R12 Size and Spatial Distributions of Regional Economic Activity
- R13 General Equilibrium and Welfare Economic Analysis of Regional Economies
- R14 Land Use Patterns
- R15 Econometric and Input–Output Models • Other Models
- R19 Other
- R2 Household Analysis
- R20 General
- R21 Housing Demand
- R22 Other Demand
- R23 Regional Migration • Regional Labor Markets • Population • Neighborhood Characteristics
- R28 Government Policy
- R29 Other
- R3 Real Estate Markets, Spatial Production Analysis, and Firm Location
- R30 General
- R31 Housing Supply and Markets
- R32 Other Spatial Production and Pricing Analysis
- R33 Nonagricultural and Nonresidential Real Estate Markets
- R38 Government Policy
- R39 Other
- R4 Transportation Economics
- R40 General
- R41 Transportation: Demand, Supply, and Congestion • Travel Time • Safety and Accidents • Transportation Noise
- R42 Government and Private Investment Analysis • Road Maintenance • Transportation Planning
- R48 Government Pricing and Policy
- R49 Other
- R5 Regional Government Analysis
- R50 General
- R51 Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
- R52 Land Use and Other Regulations
- R53 Public Facility Location Analysis • Public Investment and Capital Stock
- R58 Regional Development Planning and Policy
- R59 Other
- R Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics
- Y Miscellaneous Categories
- Y Miscellaneous Categories
- Y1 Data: Tables and Charts
- Y10 Data: Tables and Charts
- Y2 Introductory Material
- Y20 Introductory Material
- Y3 Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y30 Book Reviews (unclassified)
- Y4 Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y40 Dissertations (unclassified)
- Y5 Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y50 Further Reading (unclassified)
- Y6 Excerpts
- Y60 Excerpts
- Y7 No Author General Discussions
- Y70 No Author General Discussions
- Y8 Related Disciplines
- Y80 Related Disciplines
- Y9 Other
- Y90 Other
- Y91 Pictures and Maps
- Y92 Novels, Self-Help Books, etc.
- Y1 Data: Tables and Charts
- Y Miscellaneous Categories
- Z Other Special Topics
- Z Other Special Topics
- Z00 General
- Z1 Cultural Economics • Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology
- Z10 General
- Z11 Economics of the Arts and Literature
- Z12 Religion
- Z13 Economic Sociology • Economic Anthropology • Language • Social and Economic Stratification
- Z18 Public Policy
- Z19 Other
- Z2 Sports Economics
- Z20 General
- Z21 Industry Studies
- Z22 Labor Issues
- Z23 Finance
- Z28 Policy
- Z29 Other
- Z3 Tourism Economics
- Z30 General
- Z31 Industry Studies
- Z32 Tourism and Development
- Z33 Marketing and Finance
- Z38 Policy
- Z39 Other
- Z Other Special Topics
- A General Economics and Teaching